Nephrology

Acid-Base Disturbances

Approach to Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

Type II/Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis: Pathogenesis and Laboratory Findings

Metabolic Alkalosis: Pathogenesis

Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: Pathogenesis and Laboratory Findings

High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis: Pathogenesis

The Kidney

Thiazide Diuretics: Mechanism of Action and Adverse Side Effects

NSAIDs and the Kidney: Mechanism of Action and Side Effects

NSAIDs and the Kidney: NSAID induced Nephrotoxicity

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Findings

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Mechanism of Action and Side Effects

Physiology of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Electrolyte Abnormalities

Diabetes Insipidus: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Hyperkalemia: Detailed Pathophysiology (↓ Renal Excretion)

Hyperkalemia: Detailed Pathophysiology (Intracellular shift and intake)

Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone (SIADH): Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Hypokalemia: Physiology

Hyperkalemia: Physiology Overview

Hyponatremia: Physiology

Hypernatremia: Physiology

Localized Pitting Edema

Hypokalemia: Clinical Findings

Hyperkalemia: Clinical Findings

Hypercalcemia: Pathogenesis

Hypocalcemia: Clinical Findings

Hypercalcemia: Clinical Findings

Blood Volume Abnormalities

Overfill Edema: Pathogenesis

Edema: Pitting vs. Non-Pitting

Underfill Edema: Pathogenesis

Signs and Symptoms of Hypovolemia

Kidney Injury

Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Minimal Change Disease: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Membranous Nephropathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Diabetic Nephropathy: Pathogenesis

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)

Pre-Renal Acute Kidney Injury: Pathogenesis

Hypertension

Renal Artery Stenosis: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Primary Aldosteronism: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Chronic Hypertension: Complications

Primary Aldosteronism: Clinical Findings

Pheochromocytoma: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Abnormal Urinalysis

Nephritic Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings