SEARCH RESULTS FOR: Major-Depressive-Disorder-2024

Major Depressive Disorder 2024

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Pathogenesis and clinical findings Self blaming tendency Major stressor(s) ↑ Emotional reactivity Monoamine deficiency Regional brain area alterations ↓ Behavioral activation (engagement in meaningful activities to improve mood) Hunger interoception (perception & awareness of hunger) changes Attributes the occurrence of negative events to internal/personal factors Expectation that future events are uncontrollable & internally caused Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Insomnia (melancholic MDD) Dysregulation of negative feedback control on the hypothalamus–pituitary– adrenal (HPA) axis ↓ Serotonin & norepinephrine signaling ↑ HPA axis sensitivity Heightened responses to stressors Major Depressive Disorder ≥5 symptoms/complications during the same 2-week period; at least 1 of **symptoms; causing clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning ↑ Amygdala activity Changes to neuronal activity Altered prefrontal cortex & limbic functioning Depressed mood** Mechanism unknown; can precede MDD or be a symptom Psychomotor agitation (restlessness) ↓ Dopaminergic transmission in ventral striatum Overactivation of the insula (brain region involved in integrating activity in reward & interoception circuitry) Under activation of the insula Mechanism unknown ↓ Activation of mesolimbic system (reward system) ↓ Motivation & anticipation for rewards ↑ Activation of mesolimbic system Psychomotor retardation (slowing) Poor concentration ↑ Motivation & anticipation for rewards Anhedonia (loss of interest/pleasure)** Anergia (lack of energy) ↑ Eating (particularly high- sugar foods) Hypersomnia (atypical MDD) ↓ or ↑ Appetite &/or weight Authors: Keira Britto Sara Cho JoAnna Fay Reviewers: Luiza Radu Sara Meunier Jojo Jiang Alexander Arnold Brienne McLane* Phillip Stokes* *MD at time of publication Legend: Pathophysiology Mechanism Sign/Symptom/Lab Finding Complications First published Mar 10, 2014, updated Sept 29, 2024 on www.thecalgaryguide.com